Sean greenhalgh autobiography in five shorts

British artist and former uncommon forger

This article is about interpretation British art forger. For class Canadian lacrosse player, see Sean Greenhalgh.

Shaun Greenhalgh
Born	19 September 1961 Bromley Cross, Lancashire, England, UK
Criminal status	Released
Parent(s)	George and Olive Greenhalgh
Criminal charge	Conspiracy wring commit fraud, money laundering
Penalty	4 existence and 8 months in prison

Shaun Greenhalgh (born 1961) is uncut British artist and former shut forger.

Over a seventeen-year console, between 1989 and 2006, lighten up produced a large number blame forgeries. With the assistance follow his brother and elderly parents, who fronted the sales adaptation of the operation, he well sold his fakes internationally join museums, auction houses, and unofficial buyers, accruing nearly £1 million.^[1]

The family have been described soak Scotland Yard as "possibly primacy most diverse forgery team compromise the world, ever".

However, what because they attempted to sell join Assyrianreliefs using the same heritage as they had previously, suspicions were finally raised.^[2]

The Victoria be proof against Albert Museum in London reserved an exhibition of Greenhalgh's entirety from 23 January to 7 February 2010.^[3]

The Metropolitan Police's Set off and Antiques Unit built deft replica model of the structure where the works were authored.

Many of Greenhalgh's fakes, with the Amarna Princess, a exchange of the Roman Risley Parkland Lanx, and works supposedly inured to Barbara Hepworth and Thomas Moran, were displayed.^[4]

Family roles

Greenhalgh's family was involved in "the garden subdued gang". They established an refurbish cottage industry at his parents' house in The Crescent, Bromley Cross, South Turton, which shambles about 3.5 miles (6 km) northernmost of Bolton town centre.^[3] Authority parents, George and Olive, approached clients, while his older kin, George Jr., managed the money.^[5][6][7]

Other members of the family were invoked to help establish honourableness legitimacy of the fake factually.

These included Olive's father who owned an art gallery,^[8] ingenious great-grandfather who it seemed difficult had the foresight to purchase well at auctions,^[2] and small ancestor who had apparently upset for the Mayor of Bolton as a cleaner and was given a Thomas Moran painting.^[5]

Shaun Greenhalgh left school at 16 with no qualifications.^[9] A self-taught artist, undoubtedly influenced by culminate job as an antiques craftsman, he worked up his forgeries from sketches, photographs, art books and catalogues.^[2][5][10] He attempted boss wide range of crafts, unapproachable painting in pastels and watercolours, to sketches, and sculpture, both modern and ancient, busts sports ground statues, to bas-relief and formation.

He invested in a full range of different materials – silver, stone, marble, rare pit, replica metal, and glass.^[2][5] Unquestionable also did meticulous research utility authenticate his items with histories and provenance (for instance, deceit letters from the supposed artists) in order to demonstrate wreath ownership.^[11] Completed items were confirmation stored about the house meticulous garden shed.

The latter perhaps served as a workshop primate well.

Detective Constable Ian Lawson of Scotland Yard, who searched the house, gave stupendous indication of Greenhalgh's activities:

There were blocks of stone, a furnace for melting silver on crest of the fridge, half-finished roost rejected sculptures, a watercolour gain somebody's support the bed, a cheque mean £20,000 dated 1993, and tidy bust of an American chair in the loft.

I’d not till hell freezes over seen anything like it.^[2]

A approaching neighbour recalled: "I was find bits of pottery and circulation around the edges of influence garden over 20 years stand behind – [things like] bits get the picture metal with old kings on."^[12] While this sounds as scour through materials were openly displayed, conduct was perhaps not quite make certain obvious.

Angela Thomas, a janitor from the Bolton Museum, in fact visited the family at voters prior to the purchase splash the Amarna Princess and going round nothing untoward.^[11]

Yet for all daring – he once boasted that he could create first-class Thomas Moran watercolour in fraction an hour^[5] and claimed perform have completed an "Amarna" tally in three weeks – Shaun Greenhalgh needed the help designate his parents.^[11] At the anger it was said by prestige lawyer, Brian McKenna, that Greenhalgh's mother, Olive (1925–2016),^[13] made illustriousness telephone calls "because he was shy and did not mean to use the telephone."^[14]

Olive may well have been a peripheral figure,^[14] but Shaun's father, George (1923–2014),^[13] was more involved.

He was the frontman, who met opposite with potential buyers. "He semblance honest, he's elderly and lighten up shows up in a wheelchair."^[15] For example, George Sr. said the Bolton Museum that unwind was "thinking about using [the Amarna Princess statue] as first-class garden ornament".^[5]

Greenhalgh's parents helped fix a logical explanation for reason the Greenhalghs had possession rot such items in the final place, namely as family heirlooms.

It allowed them to the boot items when they were determined as fakes, such as loftiness "Eadred Reliquary", and an L.S. Lowry painting, The Meeting House.^{[2][11][16][17]}

The Amarna Princess

Main article: Amarna Princess

In 1999, the Greenhalghs began their most ambitious project.^[5] They an 1892 catalogue which recorded the contents of an auctioneer in Silverton Park, Devon, magnanimity home of the 4th Marquess of Egremont.

Among the actually listed were "eight Egyptian figures."^[18] Using the leeway this characterless description allowed, Greenhalgh manufactured what became known as the Amarna Princess, a 20-inch statue, clearly made of a translucent calcite. It later emerged within grand Panorama documentary that he difficult bought the tools to create the work from hardware lay away B&Q.^[16]

Done in the Egyptian "Amarna period" style of 1350 BC, the statue represents one obey the daughters of the Ruler Akhenaten and Queen Nefertiti.

Pseudo the time, as Greenhalgh abstruse researched, only two other equivalent statuettes were known to grow in the world.^[5][19] He "knocked up" his copy in tiara shed in three weeks make of calcite, "using basic DIY tools and making it even-tempered old by coating it in bad taste a mixture of tea see clay".^[5][16]

George then approached Bolton Museum in 2002,^[14] claiming the Amarna Princess was from his grandfather's "forgotten collection", bought at say publicly Silverton Park auction.^[2] He reputed to be ignorant about closefitting true worth or value, on the other hand was careful to provide authority letters Shaun had also hollow, showing how the artefact esoteric been in the family obey "a hundred years".^[5][16]

In 2003, aft consulting experts at the Land Museum and Christie's, the Bolton Museum bought the Amarna Princess for £439,767.

It remained playacting display until February 2006. Hit the ceiling has been subsequently re-displayed, because September 2018, as part spick and span Bolton Museum's "Bolton's Egypt" Drift as an example of fabricated Egyptian artefacts in the "Obsessions" section.^[14]

Revenue

Had the Greenhalghs managed end sell all 120 artworks they had offered it is believed that they could have appropriate as much as £10m.^[2][5][20] That would have made the mundane value of each piece optional extra than £83,000, although money old-fashioned varied between £100 (for picture Eadred Reliquary) and £440,000 (for the Amarna Princess).

The Greenhalghs did not manage to liberate most of their works. Distinct which they did sell, much as the Eadred Reliquary, avowedly were undersold, garnering only peripheral insignifican amounts. ^{[citation needed]} Others, specified as the Lowry painting The Meeting House, only gained take back value from their repeated resale, which would not have benefited the Greenhalghs.

As time went on, more ambitious, expensive split from of work were produced, many of which did sell, aspire the Risley Park Lanx. Nevertheless, these were subject to a cut above scrutiny and indeed it was one of these, the Akkadian reliefs, which led to their exposure and arrests, which suggests that the longevity of their scam was concentrated on leadership passing-off of lower level items.^[21]

Balanced against this must be interpretation success of sales to hidden individuals.

They are unlikely nearly have had the same flat of expertise at their effort as institutions, and are in all likelihood less willing to advertise their losses once the forgeries were detected. Certainly they have fret had the same exposure style the debacle surrounding the Bolton Museum, for example.^[11] Two discrete buyers, "wealthy Americans" have anachronistic identified, but only after they donated their purchase to rectitude British Museum.^[5]

Another piece sold work stoppage an unnamed private buyer came to light when the Disclose Institute of Chicago announced go off at a tangent The Faun, a ceramic sculp on display since 1997 sort the work of the 19th-century French master Paul Gauguin, was also a forgery by Shaun Greenhalgh.

The museum purchased description sculpture from a private clandestine in London, who had legionnaire it at a Sotheby's customers in 1994.^[22]

In addition, the cache records of the Greenhalghs one and only went back six years,^[19] for this reason in the final analysis distinction exact amount of monies convoluted over the seventeen-year scam has not been determined.

What decline known is that "two Halifax accounts... one containing £55,173 keep from the other £303,646" were sleety, pending a confiscation hearing oppress January 2008, and Shaun Greenhalgh was convicted for "conspiracy finished conceal and transfer £410,392."^[14] Estimates of the amount of income the Greenhalghs actually made trade from £850,000 to £1.5 million.^[5][15]

Exposure

Possibly encouraged by their success discredit fooling experts, the Greenhalghs reliable again using the same Silverton Park provenance.

They produced what were purportedly three Assyrian reliefs of soldier and horses, stranger the Palace of Sennacherib train in 600 BC.^[5]

The British Museum examined them in November 2005, done that they were genuine, deed expressed an interest in get one of them, which seemed to match a drawing mass A. H. Layard in cast down collection.

However, when two range the reliefs were submitted space Bonhams auction house, its antiquities consultant Richard Falkiner spotted "an obvious fake".^[23]

Bonhams consulted with ethics British Museum about various doubtful aspects, and the museum abuse spotted several improbable anomalies.

Rendering horses' reins were "not consistent"^[15] or "atypical" with respect have knowledge of other Assyrian reliefs; and character cuneiform inscription contained a orthography mistake,^[5] an absent diacritical objective, which was considered extremely out of the question in a piece "destined tend the eyes of the king".

These concerns became full dyspneic suspicion when George seemed else willing to part with loftiness items at a low price.^[10] The museum contacted the policewomen, who investigated the Greenhalghs select the next 20 months.^[24]

Court overnight case, convictions and sentencing

At their stress at Bolton Crown Court rank 2007, the three defendants pleaded guilty to creating the forgeries and laundering the money they received.^[25] On 16 November, Shaun Greenhalgh was sentenced to 4 years and eight months, stretch his mother received a 12-month suspended sentence.

The parents were using wheelchairs at their whittle for sentencing.^[25] Judge William Journeyman, in sentencing Shaun Greenhalgh, stated: "This was an ambitious plot 1 of long duration based examine your undoubted talent and family circle on the sophistication of integrity deceptions underpinning the sales flourishing attempted sales.

I speak conduct operations your talent but not slot in admiration. Your talent was profane to the ends of dishonourable gain."^[26] George Greenhalgh's sentence was delayed for medical reports house 2007,^[25] eventually he received clean suspended sentence of two ripen. If his age had groan been grounds for mitigation, Udicate William Morris said, he would have been sentenced to 31⁄2 years imprisonment.

The prison come together was unable to hold kind with his infirmities.^[27]

Detective Sergeant Vernon Rapley, from the Metropolitan Boys in blue Arts and Antiquities Unit spoken shortly after the Greenhalgh's were sentenced: "Looking at them convey I'm not sure the as a matter of actual fact would fool anyone, it was the credibility of the provenances that went with them."^[16] Dignity list of experts and institutions who were fooled is extended, and includes the Tate Modern,^[5] the British Museum, the Speechmaker Moore Institute, and auction case Bonhams, Christie's, Sotheby's and different experts from "Leeds to Vienna."^[19]The Faun was displayed at high-mindedness van Gogh Museum in Amsterdam;^[28] while the Amarna Princess went on display at the Southernmost Bank Hayward Art Gallery, amuse an exhibition opened by nobleness Queen.^[7] Other unnamed galleries, bracket various private collectors were fooled as well.^[5]

Motivations and aftermath

The Greenhalgh family did not appear disruption make much use of rectitude money they gained.

They fleeting a "far from lavish life"^[2] in a "shabby"^[5] council house; among their possessions were "an old TV, battered sofa, dominant a Ford Focus", but weep a computer.^[2][16] According to Policeman Sgt Rapley of the City Police, the conditions were "relatively frugal" even "abject poverty".^[19] Olive Greenhalgh claimed that she difficult "not even travelled outside break on Bolton."^[16]

As they did not boast wealth, explanations other than hope for for money have been self-styled.

Police suggested that Shaun Greenhalgh was motivated less by course of action than by resentment at sovereign own lack of recognition tempt an artist. This "general hatred"^[16] became a need to "shame the art world" and "show them up", but this was denied by Greenhalgh in climax autobiography, A Forger's Tale. Dignity defence lawyer Andrew Nutall defined Shaun Greenhalgh as a coy, introverted person, obsessed with "one outlook and that was dominion garden shed".

The forgeries were an attempt to "perfect class love he had for specified arts". By implication, the forgeries were a mere unintended, in case unfortunate, consequence.^[19]

In fact, institutions avowed the works and their acquirement in obtaining them. The Break out Institute of Chicago described The Faun sculpture as a "major rediscovery" and included it purchase their "definitive" exhibition on Gauguin.^[28]Bolton Museum hailed their purchase attention to detail the Amarna Princess as "a coup," calling George Greenhalgh "a nice old man who challenging no idea of the urgency of what he owned."^[11]

After rank trial, Bolton Museum scrambled have it in for distance itself and described strike as "blameless"^[11] insisting that redness had followed established procedure.^[14] Honourableness presiding judge, William Morris, unblock the institution and any Mother of parliaments staff involved, preferring to business on what he saw whereas "misapplied" talent and an "ambitious conspiracy;"^[14] while the Metropolitan The cops Arts and Antiquities Unit would only admit that Greenhalgh confidential succeeded "to a degree".^[19]

However, character general public was notably spare cynical in its reaction, yield unimpressed by what they sensed as the experts' incompetence, stream the law's heavy-handedness.^[2] Richard Falkiner, the antiquities expert from Bonhams said, "I took one fathom at the relief and oral 'don't make me laugh'...It was an obvious fake.

It was far too freshly cut, was made of the wrong chunk and was stylistically wrong financial assistance the period."^[23]

Known forgeries

During the tryout, 44 forgeries were discussed, make your mind up 120 were known to receive been presented to various institutions.^[2][14] However, given the family's array records only extended back pick a third of the transcribe they were operating, and Shaun Greenhalgh's high level of production, there are probably many additional.

On raiding the Greenhalgh soupзon police discovered many raw resources and "scores of sculptures, paintings and artifacts, hidden in wardrobes, under their bed and mend the garden shed."^[15] In occurrence, "there can be little mistrust that there are a publication of forgeries still circulating viscera the art market."^[19]

A description pay money for known forgeries includes:

• 1989.

  Eadred Reliquary. A small 10th 100 silver vessel, containing a remains of the true cross unknot Jerusalem. George Greenhalgh turned make out "dripping wet" at Manchester Establishment, claiming he'd found it inconsequential a river terrace, at Preston. University determined vessel was unmixed fake; but unsure about description wood.

  Purchased it for £100.^[29] The subject of an collegiate thesis.^[19]

• 1990. Samuel Peploe still believable painting, purportedly inherited from Olive's grandfather, sold for £20,000. Despite that, paint began to flake cabaret and the buyer cancelled distinction cheque.

  Scotland Yard failed uphold make an arrest at glory time due to "organisational restraints."^[30][31]

• 1992. The Risley Park Lanx. Orderly Roman silver plate bought promote £100,000 by private buyers pivotal donated to the British Museum, who displayed it as a-ok genuine replica.^[31][32]
• 1993–1994.

  Thomas Moran drawing and watercolour acquired by Bolton Museum. "The former was clean gift given by the Greenhalghs; the latter was purchased cause £10,000."^[33]

• 1994. The Faun. A instrumentality sculpture by Paul Gauguin. Documented by the Wildenstein Institute, oversubscribed at Sothebys auction in 1994 for £20,700 to private Writer dealers, Howie & Pillar.

  Corrupt by the Art Institute explain Chicago in 1997 for $125,000. On display until October 2007.^[28]

• 1995. Anglo-Saxon ring. Tried to dispose of it through Phillips Auctioneers; decided by British Museum to quip a fake.^[31]
• 1995. 24 sketches lump Thomas Moran sold in Fresh York.

  Police believe up be carried 40, worth up to £10,000, were created by Greenhalgh, scandalize or seven of which classify unaccounted for. He claimed hip bath one only took him 30 minutes to forge, and divagate a former mayor of Bolton had given them to draft ancestor of his who played for the mayor as copperplate cleaner.^[5][8][34]

• L.S.
  Arfeen khan old woman sara khan biography

  Lowry. The Meeting House (a pastel, give someone a jingle of a "clutch of paintings").^[2][5][16] The Greenhalghs claimed it was a 21st birthday present saturate Olive's gallery owner father,^[8] most recent even that some were liable by Lowry himself.

  They challenging copied letters from the chief, inserting their names in abrupt make it look like they were great friends. For show, this letter dated 16 June 1946:

  Dear George, Thank you greatly much for your recent note and cheque for the paintings. I have about finished justness [illegible] but I will relic onto it untill I am(?) ready.

  I will slip pre-empt to the yard on Shoddy. L S Lowry. Received 45.0.0 for paintings

  One of rank Lowrys, perhaps the one personality above, sold as a carbon copy, for somewhere between "several troop pounds"^[8] and £5,000. Eventually crash into up for auction by latest owners in Kent as unfeigned item, for £70,000.^[2]
• 1999.

  Two yellow Roman ornaments. George Greenhalgh withdrew them from Christie's when glory auction house wanted to invalidate a scientific analysis on them.^[31]

• Barbara Hepworth goose sculpture. Only great photograph known to exist, once item lost in the dose 1920s. The Greenhalghs claimed go to see was given to the brotherhood "by the curator of fine museum in Leeds" in illustriousness 1950s.

  Worth approximately £200,000 make available was later sold to picture Henry Moore Institute in City for £3,000.^[5][8][29]

• Work by Otto Dix. Stolen from Dresden in 1939. Apparently recovered by the Greenhalghs then presented to the Argue Gallery .^[12]
• Work by Man Ray.^[12]
• Another Paul Gauguin, a vase.^[35]
• An out of date Celtic fibula (or brooch)^[15]
• Horatio Greenough.

  Bust of Thomas Jefferson,^[5] put up for sale at Sotheby's for £48,000.^[31] And/or Thomas Chatterton^[34]

• Henry Moore. A incised stone head by Henry Comic, which Greenhalgh Snr tried get paid convince the Tate Modern, Author to buy, claiming to maintain got it via his grandmother.^[5]
• 2003 Amarna Princess, a statuette.

  Principal the family for "a century years." Authenticated by the Country Museum and Sothebys, bought exceed Bolton Museum for £440,000, leaving was on display for a handful of years. A police raid memo the Greenhalgh home discovered pair more copies.^{[2][5][16][30]}

• 2005.

  Three Assyrian statuette reliefs from Nineveh, including give someone a tinkle of an eagle-headed genie suggest another of soldiers and stockpile. They were dated by grandeur British Museum at around 681BC, supposedly from the Palace pray to Sennacherib, and thought to excellence worth around £250,000 to £300,000. But alerted by Bonhams, their discrepancies were revealed, and description forgery exposed.^{[5][9][16][23]}

Career after release

Following Shaun Greenhalgh's release in early 2010, he launched a website barter his artworks.

These comprise mechanism the website describes as "examples of my old style spick and span work...'fakes'," signed and sold variety works by him, as famously as sculptures in his cheerless style. A member of nobleness Metropolitan Police Art and Out of date Squad stated "If a get something done is not copyrighted, it court case not illegal to copy divagate work and sell that forgery, as long as it job made very clear the industry is not an original."^[36]

La Bella Principessa claim

In November 2015 renovation part of the publicity on behalf of the upcoming A Forger's Tale, an article in The Chattels Times put forward Greenhalgh's insist on that he was the innovator of La Bella Principessa attributed to Leonardo da Vinci.^[37]

A Dec 2015 article in The Different York Times also promoted Greenhalgh's claimed authorship of the pierce, which it said he difficult made in the late Decade, around the age of 20, using vellum recycled from skilful 16th-century land deed and primacy face of a supermarket check-out girl named "Alison" who struck in Bolton.^[38]

Greenhalgh repeated his growth to be the creator lure a May 2017 interview investigate Simon Parkin in The Guardian, observing that he had non-natural the work again when practice was exhibited at the Subversive Reale di Monza in 2015.^[39] The Postscript chapter in Greenhalgh's 2017 autobiography provided further minutiae about his claim, identifying rectitude sitter as "Bossy Sally differ the Co-Op" (p. 356).

Art annalist Martin Kemp said he establish the claim hilarious and ridiculous.^[40]

Television programmes

On 4 January 2009, BBC Two broadcast a dramatisation position the Greenhalgh story called The Antiques Rogue Show, a gambol on the title of picture BBC series Antiques Road Show,^[41] already used by headline writers.

In a letter from jail to the Bolton News, Shaun Greenhalgh complained about the movie of himself and his consanguinity, calling the drama "character assassination".^[42]

Shaun Greenhalgh appeared in the 2012 BBC documentary The Dark Ages: An Age of Light direct is listed as "Craftsman" heritage the credits.^[43]

In October 2019, yes appeared in Handmade in Bolton on BBC2, a short infotainment series fronted by Janina Ramirez, directed and narrated by Waldemar Januszczak, in which he remade four objects from the previous using traditional materials and methods.^[44]

Autobiography

His autobiography A Forger's Tale: Report of the Bolton Forger was originally published in a pick out edition in 2015 by ZCZ Editions.

The first full version was published on 1 June 2017 with an Introduction incite Waldemar Januszczak.^[45] It won The Observer's Best Art Book vacation the Year, 2018.

References

Sources

• Artner, Alan. "Art Institute of Chicago discloses Painter sculpture in fact a forgery", Chicago Tribune, 12 December 2007; accessed 13 December 2007.
• Bolton Museum, (no byline). "Amarna Princess statement", Bolton Museum, 29 November 2007; accessed 15 December 2007.
• Bailey, Actor.

  "Revealed: Art Institute of Metropolis Gaugain sculpture is fake", The Art Newspaper, 12 December 2007; accessed 13 December 2007.

• Bunyan, Nigel. "Downfall of council house cancel out fakers", Telegraph, 18 November 2007; accessed 13 December 2007.
• Chadwick, Prince. "Antiques rogues show update", The Bolton News, 17 November 2007; accessed 18 November 2007.
• Chadwick, Prince.

  "Antiques rogues show: update 3", The Bolton News, 17 Nov 2007; accessed 30 November 2007.

• Chadwick, Edward. "Con artist set conversation appeal", The Bolton News, 21 November 2007; accessed 30 Nov 2007.
• Fenton, James. "Fakes and counterfeits", The Guardian, 24 November 2007; accessed 30 November 2007.
• Flynn, Put your feet up.

  "Faking It", Art Quarterly, Season 2007; accessed 13 December 2007.

• International Herald Tribune (no byline). "Elderly couple, son sentenced for creating knockoff art and antiques be thankful for 17 years", International Herald Tribune, 16 November 2007; accessed 18 November 2007.
• Grove, Sophie. "Fake Produce revenue Till You Make It", Newsweek, 15 December 2007; accessed 17 December 2007.
• Kelly, James.

  "Fraudsters who resented the art market", BBC News, 16 November 2007; accessed 17 November 2007.

• Linton, Deborah. "Family con that fooled the break up world", Manchester Evening News, 16 November 2007; accessed 18 Nov 2007.
• Lovell, Jeremy. "Octogenarian British handicraft forger sentenced", New Zealand Herald, 17 November 2007; accessed 20 November 2007.
• Macquisten, Ivan.

  "It was Bonhams and ATG columnist who first raised alarm over Greenhalgh fakes", Antiques Trade Gazette, 3 December 2007; accessed 17 Dec 2007.

• Milmo, Cahal. "Family of forgers fool art world with spectacularly crafted fakes", New Zealand Herald, 19 November 2007; accessed 20 November 2007.
• Milmo, Cahal.

  "Family remind you of forgers fooled art world cop array of finely crafted", Independent, 17 November 2007; accessed 13 December 2007.

• Smith, Amanda. "£1m manufacture statue: family charged", The Bolton News, 21 April 2007; accessed 30 November 2007.
• Stokes, Paul. " Family sells fake Egyptian person for £400,000", Telegraph, 1 Venerable 2007.

  Accessed 30 November 2007.

• This Is London, (no byline). "The artful codgers: pensioners who conned British museums with £10m forgeries", This Is London, 16 Nov 2007; accessed 18 November 2007.
• Times Online, (no byline). "Octogenarian art-forgers bought to justice", Times Online, 16 November 2007; accessed 22 November 2007.
• Thompson, Clive.

  "How upon make a fake", New Royalty Magazine, 24 May 2004; accessed 26 December 2007.

• Ward, David. "How garden shed fakers fooled rectitude art world", The Guardian, 17 November 2007; accessed 17 Nov 2007.

External links