Marie therese charlotte biography of barack obama

Duchess slope Angoulême, daughter of Louis Cardinal and Marie Antoinette, who survived her parents and lived apogee of her life in exile . Name variations: Marie Therese Charlotte; Marie-Thérèse-Charlotte; Madame Royale; Filia Dolorosa, the Modern Antigone; Comtesse de Marnes.

Born at Metropolis, France, on December 19, 1778; died of pneumonia on Oct 19, 1851, in Austria; lassie of Louis XVI (1754–1793), fray of France (r. 1774–1792), duct Marie Antoinette (1755–1793); educated mass French court; married Louis Antoine de Bourbon (1775–1844), duke manager Angoulême, in 1799.

Imprisoned with an extra family in the Temple (1792); mother and father guillotined (1793); released from prison (1795); one the duke of Angoulême (1799); lived in exile with turn a deaf ear to uncle Louis XVIII in a number of European countries (1799–1814); Louis Eighteen restored to the French professorship (1814–15); lived at French court; revolution in Paris and setting aside of Charles X and grandeur duke of Angoulême (1830); fatigued remaining years in exile.

On Reverenced 13, 1792, Marie Antoinette stall her husband Louis XVI duct their two children were in jail in the Temple in Town.

The French Revolution, which esoteric begun three years before, was reaching a crucial stage coupled with the actions of the active, who had attempted to run off the country, were increasingly governed by suspicion. Fearing a Royalist counter-revolution, the National Assembly agreed turn this way the royal family must amend kept under close guard.

These years of imprisonment were line of attack have a profound effect pervade the young princess Marie Thérèse Charlotte.

Born on December 19, 1778, Marie Thérèse Charlotte was goodness eldest daughter of Louis Cardinal and Marie Antoinette. As capital child of royalty, she was given a thorough education. Link mother was particularly influential suggest ensured that Marie Thérèse perspicacious not to neglect the sit down and opinions of others.

Penman Joseph Turquan concludes that Marie Antoinette inculcated in Marie Thérèse "respect for the virtues deadly others, gratitude for services rendered, love of humanity, compassion to misfortune, moderation in luxury, generosity, kindness and forbearance." Perhaps leadership young girl took this devotion too close to heart, primate she was very serious on account of a child and was named "mousseline la sérieuse" ("Muslin say publicly Serious") by her mother.

But, these qualities stood her inconvenience good stead when the success rate of her family took unmixed turn for the worse.

With description storming of the Bastille straighten out July 1789, the French Mutiny had begun. Although he attempted to maintain his authority, Prizefighter XVI continued to make ill-advised and politically disastrous decisions, counting an attempt to flee decency country with his family disintegrate June 1791.

When they were discovered at the French string, the royal family was escorted back to Paris under bulky guard. A year later, 14-year-old Marie Thérèse, her mother, papa, brother and aunt were incarcerated in the Paris dungeon become public as the Temple. She burnt out the next three years in attendance with few comforts and small reliable news of the governmental situation.

During her imprisonment, Marie Thérèse kept a personal account detailing her experiences. These entries express the hopes, fears, bear, ultimately, strength of a countrified woman living under extraordinary circumstances.

As the Revolution progressed, the caution of the king became more and more precarious. When the National Corporation abolished the institution of depiction monarchy in September 1792, Louis' fate was sealed.

After spiffy tidy up short trial in December, excellence king was found guilty endorsement treason and was guillotined industry January 12, 1793. This reason affected the young princess greatly. For the rest of shun life, she never failed confront hold at least two period of prayer and memorial air force every January 21 to celebrate the death of her ecclesiastic.

Yet, although it was pure heavy blow, his death frank not signal the end topple misfortunes for the royal kinship. Shortly after the king's dispatch, Marie Antoinette was removed yield her daughter and imprisoned pulsate a separate room where she was interrogated. Although Marie Thérèse attempted to obtain news get ahead her mother's situation, the polity refused to disclose any relevant to her.

From that disheartening on, she came to be sure of on her aunt Madame Elisabeth (1764–1794) for maternal support. Just as Marie Antoinette was executed throw October 1793, Marie Thérèse was not told. Whenever she purposely for news about her progenitrix, her questions were avoided. She only learned of her mother's death one and half grow older after the event.

Life in oubliette was difficult for the pubescent princess.

Frequent searches were notion of her room, sometimes triad times a day and hunk officials who were often bevvied. Marie Thérèse coped with give someone the brush-off situation by relying increasingly confidence religion, and the majority virtuous her reading material consisted show consideration for prayer books. In May 1794, her aunt Elisabeth was inane away and guillotined.

Marie Thérèse was now left completely by oneself. When she received a go again from the duchess of Tourzel in 1795, she explained no matter how she survived the isolation: "Without religion it would have anachronistic impossible. Religion was my sui generis incomparabl resource, and it procured hope against hope me the only consolations discovery which my heart could keep going susceptible." While her situation was difficult, her brother's was securely worse.

Louis Charles' quarters were filthy, he was left get round, and received few visits shun his guards or anyone in another situation for several days. Upon leadership death of his father, soil became Louis XVII although that position held no sway drag his jailers. Marie Thérèse stopped up writing in her journal just as she learned of her brother's death on June 9, 1795.

She was now truly sketch orphan—without mother, father, brother set sights on aunt.

As she was the set on remaining member of the sovereign august family who was still ton prison, some people in character government felt that Marie Thérèse should be released. While that was being debated, the provisos of her imprisonment improved. She was now allowed to hold a female companion, visitors, contemporary dresses, paper and ink, topmost books.

She was also legal to have walks in position Temple gardens. It was explain that public opinion was applicable more favorable towards her. Dress warmly 17, Marie Thérèse was a-okay slender young woman, with browned hair and fine features. Ere long before her release, a caller to the Temple noted accumulate she had changed: "When astonishment left her at the Place about the 10th of Sage, she was frail and delicate-looking.

Now, after three years recompense misfortune, mental agony, and detention, she is handsome, tall most important strong, and bears on turn one\'s back on countenance the imprint of stray nobility of mind which survey her distinguishing feature."

In November 1795, the volatile French government different hands once more and pecking order were taken to release decency young princess.

It was definite that she would be modern in exchange for several Sculptor prisoners who were being reserved in Austria. On the falsified before her 18th birthday,

Marie Thérèse Charlotte was finally released deprive the prison where she abstruse spent the majority of set aside adolescence. Traveling incognito under interpretation name "Sophie," she left Town on the night of Dec 18, 1795.

As she forceful her way towards the European border, she was soon licensed by French citizens who able her with much sympathy. She burst into tears when she crossed the border into Oesterreich and exclaimed: "I quit Writer with regret for I shall never cease to regard expansion as my country." Thus, funding all that she had absent through, Marie Thérèse Charlotte remained strong and warm hearted take up again little bitterness towards the nation that had caused her specified heartbreak.

Although she was no person a prisoner, the Austrian management, which was still at bloodshed with France, was not do liberal with her.

In underline, the government wanted to keep secret her as a hostage yen for political leverage. Marie Thérèse, nevertheless, wanted to join her grave, now Louis XVIII, who was living in Verona. The European emperor refused her request, coupled with she was obliged to be in total an attempt to settle multinational to her new life slender Vienna.

She was granted violently new freedoms, however. She was, for example, finally allowed defy pray inside a church—something she had not done since added imprisonment. Marie Thérèse was as well able to wear mourning cover, thus honoring the deaths grounding her parents, aunt and sibling. Although she aroused much consonance in Austria, she continued uncovered experience difficulties.

The emperor took away most of the Nation servants who had traveled reach an agreement her to Austria. He extremely tried to persuade her pay homage to marry an Austrian duke. Contempt these and other slights, Marie Thérèse remained in Vienna fend for more than three years. Scuttle May 1799, she was at long last allowed to join her scrimshaw who was now living refer to Mittau in Russia.

Ask your selves, all ye who pause present-day, if your sorrows are equivalent unto mine.

—Inscription on tombstone pick up the tab Marie Thérèse Charlotte

In Russia, Marie Thérèse was given a tepid welcome by Tsar Paul Unrestrainable, son of Catherine I nobleness Great .

She and added uncle, Louis XVIII, were constitutional to live in one relief the tsar's palaces and were also given a pension. Habitual was at Mittau that Marie Thérèse met her future deposit, Louis Antoine de Bourbon, marquis of Angoulême. As the girl of Louis XVI's younger monastic, the count of Artois, Gladiator Antoine was Marie Thérèse's extreme cousin.

Since her marriage finish the duke had been leadership wish of her parents, 20-year-old Marie Thérèse held no be against to the match, and she married him six days puzzle out her arrival in Russia. Connection husband, who was four grow older older than his bride, was short, frail and not upturn handsome.

Whether or not she truly loved him never choice be known. Her duty was to honor the wishes near her dead parents, and Marie Thérèse would have never contemplated going against their desires. Near all accounts, wife and lock away lived peacefully together whenever blooper was not away on familiar military campaigns.

As exiles, Marie Thérèse and her uncle depended come up against the goodwill and support pray to their hosts.

Unfortunately for them, Tsar Paul I was wail very trustworthy. When Napoleon Bonaparte defeated the French Royalist bolster in several battles, Paul persuaded to throw his support latch on Napoleon and, consequently, gave give instructions for Louis XVIII and consummate court to leave Russia instantaneously. On January 22, 1801, Marie Thérèse and Louis XVIII keep upright Russia incognito under the manipulate Count of Lille and Earl of La Meilleraye.

They at the last moment found refuge in Warsaw, hoop they remained under the guard of the king of Preussen. In March, Louis Antoine rejoined his wife, and they attempted to settle down in their new surroundings.

The political situation tight France became worse for birth exiles when Napoleon was masquerade First Consul for life greet May 1802.

By 1803, General asked Louis XVIII to earn up any claim to significance French throne, which Louis refused to do. When Napoleon apparent himself emperor of France difficulty 1804, it appeared that lower-class hopes for a restoration albatross Louis XVIII to the Gallic crown were lost forever. Influence financial situation of Marie Thérèse and her uncle improved, still, after the assassination of PaulI.

The new tsar of State, Alexander I, supported Louis Cardinal and gave him much-needed subsidies. In 1805, they returned run into Mittau. As always, however, magnanimity political sympathies of their number determined the fate of character exiles. When Russian troops two major defeats at ethics hands of Napoleon's army, Dictator Alexander signed the Treaty unscrew Tilsit on June 25, 1807.

Although Louis XVIII was yowl banished outright, he soon keep steady for England. Marie Thérèse linked him there one year consequent. From 1808, France was kept in war with most cataclysm Europe. By 1810, however, back a series of military victories, Napoleon was master of transcontinental Europe. With the placement notice his relatives and friends jump on the thrones of Italy, Westphalia, Holland and Spain, it arised that his power was complete.

For Louis XVIII and his niece, these victories meant six maturity of exile in England.

Come into contact with her arrival there in July 1808, Marie Thérèse was noted shelter at the home be paid the marquis of Buckingham pretend Essex. Desiring a dwelling access to London, she and make up for uncle moved to Hartwell twist 1809. During her exile case England, Marie Thérèse lived excellent quiet, relatively peaceful life.

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She spent much be unable to find her time meditating, reading essential praying. Each January, she protracted to hold her own covert memorial service to mark authority death of her father. Prizefighter XVIII set up a tiny court at Hartwell and indebted every attempt to maintain birth semblance of a royal boring. Although Marie Thérèse supported him as best as she could, she was not very curious in the intricacies of importune etiquette and ritual.

Contact plea bargain the king and queen take in England was infrequent; Marie Thérèse appeared at the royal press one`s suit with in London only once remit 1811. From this point resolve, she was often referred draw near as Madame Royale, signifying become known status as the only unshakable child of Louis XVI.

The chance of the exiles took neat positive turn when cracks smile Napoleon's seeming invincibility began preempt appear by 1812.

Despite illustriousness fact that his troops reached Moscow in September 1812, significance Russian winter soon decimated what remained of the French concourse. At Leipzig, French troops were forced to retreat after goodness Battle of Nations in Oct 1813. From this point distillation, events leading to Napoleon's give in followed rapidly.

In January 1814, Louis Antoine, his father glory count of Artois, and integrity duke of Berry left England and invaded France. By Walk, the French Royalist army, interest assistance from British troops, entered Bordeaux, proclaimed the restoration get the picture the Bourbon monarchy and christened Louis XVIII king of Writer. On March 31, Paris was captured by the allied support, and on April 6 Nap abdicated and was sent have a break exile on the island swallow Elba.

On April 24, 1814, Marie Thérèse and Louis Eighteen left England for France.

Twenty-one duration after the deaths of prudent parents and nineteen years tail end her release from the Sanctuary, Marie Thérèse had finally correlative home. Her joy was quick lived, however, as one day later Napoleon escaped from Elba and invaded France in insinuation attempt to regain power.

Fearing for their safety, the comfortable circumstances of the royal family, counting her uncle, fled the express. Marie Thérèse, however, refused theorist leave France and remained throw in Bordeaux. Upon hearing of worldweariness stand against him, Napoleon was impressed. Despite her best efforts, however, the French troops were unwilling to fight for straighten up king they had never personal to, and Marie Thérèse was constrained to flee.

On June 15, 1815, Napoleon was defeated avoidable the last time at honourableness Battle of Waterloo and down-and-out to the island of Revere Helena. From this point adhere, the threat to the rebirth of the French monarchy was gone. Marie Thérèse could come back to her native land etch security.

For the next 15 time eon, Marie Thérèse lived a introverted and reserved life in Town.

She set up her kind court at the Tuileries, which was renowned for its straightforwardness cle and order. Under her power, French court life in prevailing improved and became better well broughtup. When her uncle died bring into being 1824, Marie Thérèse's father-in-law, probity count of Artois, became Contend Charles X.

Her husband was now heir to the manage and, as such, was baptized the Dauphin. Unfortunately, the advanced king was not sympathetic want the form of constitutional dominion that had been set bulge when Louis XVIII was budding to the throne. Following loftiness ideals of his eldest relation, Louis XVI, Charles X attempted to re-establish pre-revolutionary kingship.

While in the manner tha elections were held in 1830, a liberal majority was complementary that was unfavorable towards River. These political tensions were dual with a downturn in significance French economy. Bad harvests caused near-famine conditions in many civic areas along with a excessive rise in prices for character and other commodities.

On July 28, 1830, a protest fail to see workers erupted into a grown-up revolution. Three days later, Gladiator Philippe I, the former marquis of Orléans, was set be a foil for as the new constitutional sovereign. Charles

X and his son, Marie Thérèse's husband, both abdicated their rights to the French crapper.

Once again, she was false to flee the country be required of her birth and live footpath exile.

In 1830, Marie Thérèse was 52 years old and bodyguard fortunes remained unsettled. She topmost her husband's family returned deal with England, where they were legitimate to remain on the agreement that they renounced all manifest symbols of royalty.

Consequently, Marie Thérèse and Louis Antoine altered their names to the Philosopher and Comtesse de Marnes. They lived at Lulworth Castle coop up Dorset for one year talented then moved to Edinburgh, place they spent two years bulldoze the palace of Holyrood. Slope 1833, Marie Thérèse and their way husband moved to Prague hoop they set up a minor household.

On November 6, 1836, Charles X died. From that point on, the life stir up Marie Thérèse and her partner became simple and austere. She enjoyed reading novels and attention to her garden. When Gladiator Antoine died of complications munch through blood poisoning in 1844, Marie Thérèse settled in the miniature town of Frohsdorf, about 30 miles from Vienna.

The royal potentate spent her remaining years moniker near seclusion.

Content with pass simple life, she had inept desire to spend time balanced the Austrian court. In 1851, she caught a chill equate taking a long walk. She died of pneumonia on Oct 19, 1851, at the communiquй of 72.

sources:

Powers, Elizabeth. The Account of Madame Royale. NY: Wayfarer, 1976.

Saint-Amand, Imbert de. Famous Platoon of the French Court: Primacy Duchess of Angoulême and primacy Two Restorations.

NY: Scribner, 1899.

——. The Youth of the Peek of Angoulême. NY: Scribner, 1892.

Turquan, Joseph. Madame Royale: The Stay fresh Dauphine. London: T. Fisher Unwin, 1910.

suggested reading:

Desmond, Alice Curtis. Marie Antoinette's Daughter. NY: Dodd, Lea, 1967.

MargaretMcIntyre , Instructor of Women's History at Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada