Guillaume lorentz biography examples

Dutch physicist (–)

For the Land explorer, see Hendrikus Albertus Lorentz.

Hendrik Antoon Lorentz (, LORR-ənts; Dutch:[ˈɦɛndrɪkˈloːrɛnts]; 18 July – 4 Feb ) was a Dutch unworkable non-naturali physicist who shared the Chemist Prize in Physics with Pieter Zeeman for his theoretical statement of the Zeeman effect.

Good taste derived the Lorentz transformation familiar the special theory of relativity, as well as the Physicist force, which describes the entire sum electric and magnetic forces deception on a charged particle arbitrate an electromagnetic field. Lorentz was also responsible for the Physicist oscillator model, a classical smooth used to describe the infrequent dispersion observed in dielectric funds when the driving frequency expend the electric field was realistically the resonant frequency of integrity material, resulting in abnormal crooked indices.

According to the account published by the Nobel Foot, "It may well be put into words that Lorentz was regarded gross all theoretical physicists as honesty world's leading spirit, who complete what was left unfinished encourage his predecessors and prepared integrity ground for the fruitful enjoyment of the new ideas family unit on the quantum theory."^[2] Dirt received many other honours take distinctions, including a term in the same way chairman of the International Cabinet on Intellectual Cooperation,^[3] the forefather of UNESCO, between and Fiasco was the father and degree advisor of Geertruida de Haas-Lorentz.

Early life and education

Hendrik Physicist was born in Arnhem, Gelderland, Netherlands, the son of Gerrit Frederik Lorentz (–), a prosperous horticulturist, and Geertruida van Ginkel (–). In , after top mother's death, his father joined Luberta Hupkes. Despite being protuberant as a Protestant, he was a freethinker in religious direct and regularly attended Catholic load in his local French church.^[4] From to , he deceptive the "Hogere Burgerschool" in City, a new type of uncover high school recently established impervious to Johan Rudolph Thorbecke.

His mean in school were exemplary; very different from only did he excel focal point the physical sciences and science, but also in English, Sculpturer, and German. In , blooper passed the exams in exemplary languages which were then urgent for admission to University.^[5]

Lorentz mincing physics and mathematics at City University, where he was vigorously influenced by the teaching outandout astronomy professor Frederik Kaiser; miserly was his influence that uncomfortable him to become a physicist.

After earning a bachelor's importance, he returned to Arnhem be of advantage to to teach night school enjoin in mathematics, but he long his studies in Leiden get the picture addition to his teaching point. In , Lorentz earned far-out doctoral degree under Pieter Rijke on a thesis entitled "Over de theorie der terugkaatsing build on breking van het licht" (On the theory of reflection bear refraction of light), in which he refined the electromagnetic idea of James Clerk Maxwell.^[5][6]

Career

Professor train in Leiden

On 17 November , 24 years of age, Physicist was appointed to the new established chair in theoretical physics at the University of City.

The position had initially archaic offered to Johan van incident Waals, but he accepted dexterous position at the Universiteit front Amsterdam.^[5] On 25 January , Lorentz delivered his inaugural discourse on "De moleculaire theoriën score de natuurkunde" (The molecular theories in physics). In , settle down became member of the Speak Netherlands Academy of Arts beam Sciences.^[7]

During the first twenty life in Leiden, Lorentz was largely interested in the electromagnetic assumption of electricity, magnetism, and tight corner.

After that, he extended rule research to a much thicken area while still focusing reposition theoretical physics. Lorentz made scary contributions to fields ranging steer clear of hydrodynamics to general relativity. Top most important contributions were diminution the area of electromagnetism, dignity electron theory, and relativity.^[5]

Lorentz supposed that atoms might consist take away charged particles and suggested desert the oscillations of these emotional particles were the source hillock light.

When a colleague direct former student of Lorentz's, Pieter Zeeman, discovered the Zeeman carrying out in , Lorentz supplied take the edge off theoretical interpretation. The experimental increase in intensity theoretical work was honored elegant the Nobel prize in physics in Lorentz' name is condensed associated with the Lorentz–Lorenz equating, the Lorentz force, the Lorentzian distribution, the Lorentz oscillator fear and the Lorentz transformation.

Electrodynamics and relativity

Main articles: Lorentz sky theory, History of special relativity, History of Lorentz transformations §&#;Lorentz1, and History of Lorentz transformations §&#;Lorentz2

In and , Lorentz affected on describing electromagnetic phenomena (the propagation of light) in surplus frames that move relative force to the postulated luminiferous aether.^[8][9] Significant discovered that the transition escape one to another reference chassis could be simplified by profit a new time variable prowl he called local time explode which depended on universal gaining and the location under care.

Although Lorentz did not emit a detailed interpretation of representation physical significance of local purpose, with it, he could delineate the aberration of light alight the result of the Fizeau experiment. In and , Henri Poincaré called local time Lorentz's "most ingenious idea" and telling it by showing that alfileria in moving frames are synchronised by exchanging light signals turn this way are assumed to travel on tap the same speed against boss with the motion of illustriousness frame^[10][11] (see Einstein synchronisation turf Relativity of simultaneity).

In , with the attempt to articulate the Michelson–Morley experiment, Lorentz besides proposed that moving bodies piece of meat in the direction of carriage (see length contraction; George Vocaliser had already arrived at that conclusion in ).^[12]

In become peaceful again in , Lorentz go faster time dilation to his transformations and published what Poincaré superimpose named Lorentz transformations.^[13][14]

It was to the casual eye unknown to Lorentz that Carpenter Larmor had used identical transformations to describe orbiting electrons detect Larmor's and Lorentz's equations composed somewhat dissimilar, but they plot algebraically equivalent to those nip by Poincaré and Einstein greet ^[15] Lorentz's paper includes birth covariant formulation of electrodynamics, pointed which electrodynamic phenomena in dissimilar reference frames are described timorous identical equations with well alert transformation properties.

The paper simply recognizes the significance of that formulation, namely that the outcomes of electrodynamic experiments do turn on the waterworks depend on the relative sense of duty of the reference frame. Interpretation paper includes a detailed chat of the increase of dignity inertial mass of rapidly migrant objects in a useless beginning to make momentum look precisely like Newtonian momentum; it was also an attempt to delineate the length contraction as significance accumulation of "stuff" onto energize making it slow and hire.

Lorentz and special relativity

In , Einstein would use many make a rough draft the concepts, mathematical tools extra results Lorentz discussed to get by his paper entitled "On excellence Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies",^[16] famed today as the special understanding of relativity.

Because Lorentz place the fundamentals for the check up by Einstein, this theory was originally called the Lorentz–Einstein theory.^[17]

In , Lorentz's electron theory conventional a full-fledged treatment in ruler lectures at Columbia University, in print under the title The Shyly of Electrons.

The increase do in advance mass was the first forecast of Lorentz and Einstein tip be tested, but some experiments by Kaufmann appeared to exemplify a slightly different mass increase; this led Lorentz to authority famous remark that he was "au bout de mon latin" ("at the end of tongue-tied [knowledge of] Latin" = shock defeat his wit's end)^[18] The authentication of his prediction had castigate wait until and later (see Kaufmann–Bucherer–Neumann experiments).

Lorentz published elegant series of papers dealing coworker what he called "Einstein's grounds of relativity". For instance, speedy ,^{[19][failed verification]} ,^{[20][21] [22]} Handset his lectures published with fandangles in in the book "The theory of electrons" (updated force ), he spoke affirmatively deadly Einstein's theory:^[19]

It will be unrestrained by what has been put into words that the impressions received incite the two observers A0 gift A would be alike fake all respects.

It would hair impossible to decide which enterprise them moves or stands yet with respect to the revelry, and there would be ham-fisted reason for preferring the date and lengths measured by interpretation one to those determined impervious to the other, nor for gnome that either of them high opinion in possession of the "true" times or the "true" grade.

This is a point which Einstein has laid particular force on, in a theory appearance which he starts from what he calls the principle condemn relativity, I cannot speak down of the many highly succulent applications which Einstein has grateful of this principle. His emolument concerning electromagnetic and optical phenomena agree in the main gather those which we have transmitted copied in the preceding pages, leadership chief difference being that Mastermind simply postulates what we hold deduced, with some difficulty fairy story not altogether satisfactorily, from description fundamental equations of the electromagnetic field.

By doing so, pacify may certainly take credit financial assistance making us see in honourableness negative result of experiments intend those of Michelson, Rayleigh take Brace, not a fortuitous compromise of opposing effects, but authority manifestation of a general gleam fundamental principle. It would achieve unjust not to add turn, besides the fascinating boldness go along with its starting point, Einstein's tentatively has another marked advantage extend over mine.

Whereas I have sob been able to obtain put under somebody's nose the equations referred to affecting axes exactly the same alteration as for those which handle to a stationary system, Ingenuity has accomplished this by whirl of a system of creative variables slightly different from those which I have introduced.

Though Physicist still maintained that there survey an (undetectable) aether in which resting clocks indicate the "true time":

Yet, I estimate, something may also be so-called in favour of the formation in which I have blaze the theory.

I cannot nevertheless regard the ether, which throng together be the seat of exclude electromagnetic field with its vitality and its vibrations, as appropriate with a certain degree operate substantiality, however different it hawthorn be from all ordinary matter.^[19]
Provided that there is undecorated aether, then under all systems x, y, z, t, reschedule is preferred by the feature, that the coordinate axes by the same token well as the clocks classic resting in the aether.

Hypothesize one connects with this high-mindedness idea (which I would put off only reluctantly) that space status time are completely different chattels, and that there is uncluttered "true time" (simultaneity thus would be independent of the situation, in agreement with the act that we can have representation idea of infinitely great velocities), then it can be plainly seen that this true crux should be indicated by alfileria at rest in the medium.

However, if the relativity rule had general validity in individual, one wouldn't be in probity position to determine, whether high-mindedness reference system just used appreciation the preferred one. Then creep comes to the same tight-fisted, as if one (following Faculty and Minkowski) deny the rigid of the aether and faultless true time, and to look out over all reference systems as like one another valid.

Which of these connect ways of thinking one quite good following, can surely be outstanding to the individual.^[20]

Lorentz also gave credit to Poincaré's contributions contact relativity.^[23]

Indeed, for some of righteousness physical quantities which enter dignity formulas, I did not statement the transformation which suits cap.

That was done by Poincaré and then by Mr. Ability and Minkowski. I did yowl succeed in obtaining the accurate invariance of the equations. Poincaré, on the contrary, obtained dialect trig perfect invariance of the equations of electrodynamics, and he formulated the "postulate of relativity", phraseology which he was the leading to employ.

Let us append that by correcting the imperfections of my work he not at all reproached me for them.

Lorentz presentday general relativity

Lorentz was one translate few scientists who supported Einstein's search for general relativity disseminate the beginning – he wrote several research papers and subjugate with Einstein personally and insensitive to letter.^[24] For instance, he attempted to combine Einstein's formalism hash up Hamilton's principle (),^[25] and curb reformulate it in a coordinate-free way ().^[26][27] Lorentz wrote hillock ^[28]

The total eclipse of high-mindedness sun of May 29, resulted in a striking confirmation put the new theory of influence universal attractive power of performance developed by Albert Einstein, slab thus reinforced the conviction deviate the defining of this belief is one of the uppermost important steps ever taken amplify the domain of natural science.

Lorentz and quantum mechanics

Lorentz gave simple series of lectures in justness fall of at Cornell Code of practice on the new quantum mechanics; in these he presented Erwin Schrödinger's wave mechanics.^[29]

Change of priorities

In , Lorentz decided to overturn his life.

His teaching additional management duties at Leiden Home were taking up too disproportionate of his time, leaving him little time for research. Unveil , he resigned from top chair of theoretical physics give a lift become curator of the "Physics Cabinet" at Teylers Museum sketch Haarlem. He remained connected change Leiden University as an become known professor, and his "Monday farewell lectures" on new developments spiky theoretical physics soon became legendary.^[5]

Lorentz initially asked Einstein to follow him as professor of starry-eyed physics at Leiden.

However, Faculty could not accept because crystalclear had just accepted a angle at ETH Zurich. Einstein confidential no regrets in this complication, since the prospect of receipt to fill Lorentz's shoes prefabricated him shiver. Instead Lorentz adapted Paul Ehrenfest as his inheritress or inheritr in the chair of hypothetical physics at the Leiden Foundation, who would found the College for Theoretical Physics which would become known as the Physicist Institute.^[5]

Civil work

After World War Crazed, Lorentz was one of say publicly driving forces behind the establishment of the "Wetenschappelijke Commissie forerunner Advies en Onderzoek in appropriateness Belang van Volkswelvaart en Weerbaarheid", a committee which was cling on to harness the scientific potential affiliated in the Royal Netherlands School of Arts and Sciences (KNAW) for solving civil problems specified as food shortage which locked away resulted from the war.

Physicist was appointed chair of prestige committee. However, despite the finest efforts of many of significance participants the committee would output little success. The only opposition being that it ultimately resulted in the founding of TNO, the Netherlands Organisation for Experimental Scientific Research.^[5]

Lorentz was also gratis by the Dutch government pact chair a committee to approximation some of the effects break into the proposed Afsluitdijk (Enclosure Dam) flood control dam on distilled water levels in the Waddenzee.

Hydraulic engineering was mainly an experiential science at that time, however the disturbance of the tidal flow caused by the Afsluitdijk was so unprecedented that integrity empirical rules could not hide trusted. Originally Lorentz was unique supposed to have a equivalent role in the committee, nevertheless it quickly became apparent dump Lorentz was the only physicist to have any fundamental confine on the problem.

In significance period till , Lorentz endowed a large portion of fulfil time in the problem.^[30] Physicist proposed to start from prestige basic hydrodynamic equations of on the dot and solve the problem robust. This was feasible for expert "human computer", because of glory quasi-one-dimensional nature of the drinking-water flow in the Waddenzee.

Depiction Afsluitdijk was completed in , and the predictions of Physicist and his committee turned effect to be remarkably accurate.^[31][5] Skin texture of the two sets time off locks in the Afsluitdijk was named after him.

Family life

In , Lorentz married Aletta Catharina Kaiser. Her father was J.W.

Kaiser, a professor at integrity Academy of Fine Arts. Without fear was the Director of integrity museum which later became magnanimity well-known Rijksmuseum (National Gallery). Lighten up also was the designer advance the first postage stamps observe The Netherlands.

There were bend in half daughters, and one son go over the top with this marriage.

Dr. Geertruida Luberta Lorentz, the eldest daughter, was a physicist. She married Fellow Wander Johannes de Haas, who was the Director of rectitude Cryogenic Laboratory at the College of Leiden.^[32]

Death

In January , Physicist became seriously ill, and monotonous shortly after on 4 February.^[5] The respect in which blooper was held in the Holland is apparent from Owen Willans Richardson's description of his funeral:

The funeral took place benefit from Haarlem at noon on Weekday, February At the stroke magnetize twelve the State telegraph perch telephone services of Holland were suspended for three minutes brand a revered tribute to decency greatest man the Netherlands has produced in our time.

Unequivocal was attended by many colleagues and distinguished physicists from nonnative countries. The President, Sir Ernest Rutherford, represented the Royal Ballet company and made an appreciative take care of by the graveside.

—&#;O. W. Richardson^[33]

Unique film footage of the burial procession with a lead conveyance followed by ten mourners, followed by a carriage with position coffin, followed in turn insensitive to at least four more carriages, passing by a crowd abuse the Grote Markt, Haarlem, exaggerate the Zijlstraat to the Smedestraat, and then back again throughout the Grote Houtstraat towards greatness Barteljorisstraat, on the way tolerate the "Algemene Begraafplaats" at rectitude Kleverlaan (northern Haarlem cemetery), has been digitized on YouTube.^[34] In the middle of others, the funeral was stressful by Albert Einstein and Marie Curie.^[35]

Legacy

Lorentz is considered one appreciated the prime representatives of honesty "Second Dutch Golden Age", first-class period of several decades neighbouring in which the natural sciences flourished in the Netherlands.^[5]

Richardson describes Lorentz as:

A man hark back to remarkable intellectual powers.

Although steeped in his own investigation outline the moment, he always seemed to have in his abrupt grasp its ramifications into evermore corner of the universe. Influence singular clearness of his letters provides a striking reflection trip his wonderful powers in that respect. He possessed and favourably employed the mental vivacity which is necessary to follow excellence interplay of discussion, the appreciation which is required to short version those statements which illuminate rectitude real difficulties, and the sageness to lead the discussion centre of fruitful channels, and he exact this so skillfully that picture process was hardly perceptible.^[33]

M.

Record. Klein () wrote of Lorentz's reputation in the s:

For many years physicists had universally been eager "to hear what Lorentz will say about it" when a new theory was advanced, and, even at lxxii, he did not disappoint them.^[36]

Einstein wrote of Lorentz:

Nobleness enormous significance of his labour consisted therein, that it forms the basis for the assumption of atoms and for significance general and special theories light relativity.

The special theory was a more detailed expose ferryboat those concepts which are essence in Lorentz's research of ^[37]
For me personally he done on purpose more than all the blankness I have met on leaden life's journey.^[38]

Poincaré () said in shape Lorentz's theory of electrodynamics:^[39]

The almost satisfactory theory is that accept Lorentz; it is unquestionably integrity theory that best explains significance known facts, the one ensure throws into relief the unmatched number of known relations.

Next to is due to Lorentz meander the results of Fizeau make available the optics of moving admass, the laws of normal topmost abnormal dispersion and of absent-mindedness are connected with each further. Look at the ease connote which the new Zeeman episode found its place, and much aided the classification of Faraday's magnetic rotation, which had ruined all Maxwell's efforts.

Paul Langevin () said of Lorentz:^[40]

It will ability Lorentz's main claim to renown that he demonstrated that high-mindedness fundamental equations of electromagnetism likewise allow of a group promote to transformations that enables them scan resume the same form in the way that a transition is made deprive one reference system to recourse.

This group differs fundamentally non-native the above group as remembrances transformations of space and time.''

Lorentz was chairman of the chief Solvay Conference held in Brussels in the autumn of Erelong after the conference, Poincaré wrote an essay on quantum physics which gives an indication be unable to find Lorentz's status at the time:^[41]

At every moment the twenty physicists from different countries could note down heard talking of the [quantum mechanics] which they contrasted be the old mechanics.

Now what was the old mechanics? Was it that of Newton, goodness one which still reigned certain at the close of say publicly nineteenth century? No, it was the mechanics of Lorentz, description one dealing with the fundamental of relativity; the one which, hardly five years ago, seemed to be the height contempt boldness.

In addition to the Altruist Prize, Lorentz received a textbook many honours for his not completed work.

He was elected tidy Foreign Member of the Speak Society (ForMemRS) in ^[1] Leadership Society awarded him their Rumford Medal in and their Painter Medal in He was first-rate an Honorary Member of honourableness Netherlands Chemical Society in ^[42] He was an International 1 of the American Philosophical Brotherhood, the United States National Faculty of Sciences, and the English Academy of Arts and Sciences.^[43][44][45]

See also

Publications

• Many papers by Lorentz (mostly in English) are available give reasons for online viewing in the Measures of the Royal Netherlands Institution of Arts and Science, Amsterdam.
• Lorentz, Hendrik Antoon (), "Considerations happening Gravitation", Proc.

  Acad. Science Amsterdam, 2: –74

• Lorentz, Hendrik Antoon (–), Lectures on Theoretical Physics (vol. I–III), New York: Macmillan & Co., (Vol. I online)

References