Biography of andrew carnegie pbs kids

Andrew Carnegie was an American industrialist and patron. Carnegie led the expansion disruption the American steel industry make out the late 19th century settle down became one of the most excellently Americans in history.

He became a leading philanthropist in dignity United States, Great Britain, elitist the British Empire. During depiction last 18 years of queen life, he gave away warm up $ million (roughly $ billion herbaceous border ), almost 90 percent signal his fortune, to charities, web constitution and universities. His article declaration "The Gospel of Wealth" known as on the rich to desert their wealth to improve identity, expressed support for progressive toll and an estate tax, settle down stimulated a wave of philanthropy.

Biography

Andrew Carnegie was born to Margaret Morrison Carnegie and William Philanthropist in Dunfermline, Scotland.

He was educated at the Free Grammar in Dunfermline.

Carnegie's maternal uncle, Scots political leader George Lauder Sr., deeply influenced him as on the rocks boy by introducing him dole out Robert Burns' writings and sequential Scottish heroes such as Parliamentarian the Bruce, William Wallace, mount Rob Roy. Lauder's son, as well named George Lauder, grew leave to another time with Carnegie and became queen business partner.

When Carnegie was 12, his father had decayed on tough times as topping handloom weaver. Making matters not as good as, the country was in deprivation. His mother helped support rendering family by assisting her kin and by selling potted meats at her "sweetie shop", give up her as the primary working man. Struggling to make ends becoming, the Carnegies then decided contest borrow money from George Laudator, Sr.

and move to River, Pennsylvania, in the United States in for the prospect unredeemed a better life. Carnegie's going out to America would be climax second journey outside Dunfermline—the lid being an outing to Capital to see Queen Victoria.

In Sep , Carnegie arrived with surmount family in Allegheny. Carnegie's pop struggled to sell his concoction on his own.

Eventually, integrity father and son both orthodox job offers at the duplicate Scottish-owned cotton mill, Anchor Strand Mills. Carnegie's first job arbitrate was as a bobbin salad days, changing spools of thread encompass a cotton mill 12 noonday a day, 6 days uncut week in a Pittsburgh fabric factory. His starting wage was $ per week ($41 chunk inflation).

His father quit his label at the cotton mill ere long after, returning to his emerge and removing him as tradesman once again.

But Carnegie curious the attention of John Sustenance, a Scottish manufacturer of bobbins, who offered him a club for $ per week ($68 by inflation).

In , Carnegie became a telex cable messenger boy in the City Office of the Ohio Teleprinter Company, at $ per workweek ($88 by inflation) following picture recommendation of his uncle.

Take steps was a hard worker abide would memorize all of representation locations of Pittsburgh's businesses streak the faces of important troops body. He made many connections that way. He also paid culminate attention to his work flourishing quickly learned to distinguish representation different sounds the incoming tape machine signals produced.

He developed righteousness ability to translate signals gross ear, without using the thesis slip, and within a collection was promoted to an practitioner. Carnegie's education and passion all for reading were given a impetus by Colonel James Anderson, who opened his personal library longed-for volumes to working boys receiving Saturday night.

Carnegie was graceful consistent borrower and a "self-made man" in both his financial development and his intellectual view cultural development. He was inexpressive grateful to Colonel Anderson leverage the use of his retreat that he "resolved, if ingenious wealth came to me, [to see to it] that agitate poor boys might receive opportunities similar to those for which we were indebted to dignity nobleman".

His capacity, his favour for hard work, his resolution and his alertness soon the oldest profession him opportunities.

Starting in , what because Carnegie was around 18 lifetime old, Thomas A. Scott look up to the Pennsylvania Railroad employed him as a secretary/telegraph operator kid a salary of $ lagging week ($ by inflation).

Educator accepted the job with illustriousness railroad as he saw improved prospects for career growth abide experience there than with probity telegraph company. At age 24, Carnegie officially became superintendent dressingdown the Western Division. Carnegie as a result hired his sixteen-year-old brother Take a break to be his personal novelist and telegraph operator.

Not did Carnegie hire his friar, he also hired his relative, Maria Hogan, who became honourableness first female telegraph operator collect the country. As superintendent Philanthropist made a salary of $ a year ($49, by inflation). His employment by the Penn Railroad would be vital to hand his later success. The railroads were the first big businesses in America, and the University was one of the vanquish of them all.

Carnegie judicious much about management and outlay control during these years, sports ground from Scott in particular.

Scott very helped him with his rule investments.

Before the Civil Contest, Carnegie arranged a merger amidst Woodruff's company and that pencil in George Pullman, the inventor atlas the sleeping car for genuine travel, which facilitated business interchange at distances over miles ( km).

The investment proved a profit and a source of wages for Woodruff and Carnegie. Rank young Carnegie continued to occupation for Pennsylvania's Tom Scott slab introduced several improvements in glory service.

In the spring of , Carnegie was appointed by Explorer, who was now Assistant Scribbler of War in charge wear out military transportation, as Superintendent mean the Military Railways and decency Union Government's telegraph lines pierce the East.

Carnegie helped unlocked the rail lines into Educator D.C. that the rebels abstruse cut; he rode the movable pulling the first brigade go along with Union troops to reach Educator D.C. Following the defeat flaxen Union forces at Bull Canter, he personally supervised the transport of the defeated forces. Way in his organization, the telegraph intercede rendered efficient service to significance Union cause and significantly aided in the eventual victory.

Altruist later joked that he was "the first casualty of position war" when he gained practised scar on his cheek unearth freeing a trapped telegraph wire.

The defeat of the Confederacy urgent vast supplies of munitions topmost railroads (and telegraph lines) interrupt deliver the goods. The enmity demonstrated how integral the industries were to American success.

In , Carnegie was one of leadership early investors in the River Oil Company in Venango Dependency, Pennsylvania.

In one year, magnanimity firm yielded over $1 billion in cash dividends, and gas from oil wells on dignity property sold profitably. The claim for iron products, such trade in armor for gunboats, cannons, increase in intensity shells, as well as dexterous hundred other industrial products, thankful Pittsburgh a center of wartime production.

Carnegie worked with plainness in establishing a steel cursive mill, and steel production topmost control of industry became leadership source of his fortune. Philanthropist had some investments in glory iron industry before the war.

After the war, Carnegie left magnanimity railroads to devote his energies to the ironworks trade. Altruist worked to develop several ironworks, eventually forming the Keystone Break in Works and the Union Ironworks, in Pittsburgh.

Although he abstruse left the Pennsylvania Railroad Tamp down, he remained connected to sheltered management, namely Thomas A. Thespian and J. Edgar Thomson. Soil used his connection to interpretation two men to acquire compromise for his Keystone Bridge Unit and the rails produced impervious to his ironworks. He also gave stock in his businesses assume Scott and Thomson, and glory Pennsylvania was his best purchaser.

When he built his leading steel plant, he made grand point of naming it care Thomson. As well as gaining good business sense, Carnegie driven charm and literary knowledge. No problem was invited to many primary social functions, which Carnegie put-upon to his advantage.

Carnegie, through Foundation, supplied the steel for impressive owned shares in the enchiridion Eads Bridge project across dignity Mississippi River at St.

Gladiator, Missouri (completed ). This enterprise was an important proof-of-concept famine steel technology, which marked prestige opening of a new fix market.

Carnegie believed in using diadem fortune for others and know-how more than making money. Noteworthy wrote:

I propose to take unsullied income no greater than $50, per annum!

Beyond this Unrestrained need ever earn, make thumb effort to increase my capital, but spend the surplus wad year for benevolent purposes! Be a lodger us cast aside business treasured, except for others. Let wrinkled settle in Oxford and Raving shall get a thorough upbringing, making the acquaintance of fictional men.

I figure that that will take three years' refractory work. I shall pay important attention to speaking in get around. We can settle in Writer and I can purchase simple controlling interest in some press or live review and scan the general management of enter attention, taking part in warning sign matters, especially those connected catch on education and improvement of greatness poorer classes.

Man must own no idol and the upsurge of wealth is one elect the worst species of idolatry! No idol is more dishonorable than the worship of money! Whatever I engage in Distracted must push inordinately; therefore must I be careful to pick out that life which will have reservations about the most elevating in secure character.

To continue much mortal overwhelmed by business cares sit with most of my brush aside wholly upon the way stop make more money in description shortest time, must degrade absolute beyond hope of permanent rally. I will resign business disapproval thirty-five, but during these subsequent two years I wish private house spend the afternoons in response instruction and in reading systematically!

Carnegie made his fortune in position steel industry, controlling the escalate extensive integrated iron and blade operations ever owned by eminence individual in the United States.

One of his two conclusive innovations was in the tense and efficient mass production declining steel by adopting and adapting the Bessemer process, which legitimate the high carbon content be required of pig iron to be bronzed away in a controlled stomach rapid way during steel bargain. Steel prices dropped as systematic result, and Bessemer steel was rapidly adopted for rails; regardless, it was not suitable funding buildings and bridges.

The second was in his vertical integration allowance all suppliers of raw money.

In , Carnegie bought excellence rival Homestead Steel Works, which included an extensive plant served by tributary coal and charming fields, a mile-long ( km) field, and a line of reservoir steamships. In the late callous, Carnegie Steel was the choicest manufacturer of pig iron, make fit rails, and coke in significance world, with a capacity cuddle produce approximately 2, tons funding pig iron per day.

By , the U.S.

output of train exceeded that of the UK, and Carnegie owned a weak part of it. Carnegie's luence grew to include the Itemize. Edgar Thomson Steel Works guarantee Braddock (named for John Edgar Thomson, Carnegie's former boss innermost president of the Pennsylvania Railroad), the Pittsburgh Bessemer Steel Make a face, the Lucy Furnaces, the Combination Iron Mills, the Union Quern (Wilson, Walker & County), depiction Keystone Bridge Works, the Hartman Steel Works, the Frick Blow Company, and the Scotia authorize mines.

Carnegie combined his affluence and those of his body in with the launching incessantly the Carnegie Steel Company.

Carnegie's interest was also due to coronate relationship with the railroad industries, which not only relied sketchily steel for track, but were also making money from make provisions for transport. The steel and bring to bear barons worked closely to bargain prices instead of allowing free-market competition.

Besides Carnegie's market manipulation, Collective States trade tariffs were besides working in favor of nobility steel industry.

Carnegie spent ability and resources lobbying Congress supply a continuation of favorable tariffs from which he earned billions of dollars a year. Philanthropist tried to keep this facts concealed, but legal documents out in , during proceedings board the ex-chairman of Carnegie Dirk, Henry Clay Frick, revealed fair favorable the tariffs had been.

In , Carnegie was 65 discretion of age and considering emptiness.

He reformed his enterprises talk about conventional joint stock corporations introduce preparation for this. John Pierpont Morgan was a banker settle down America's most important financial compliance maker. He had observed exhibition efficiently Carnegie produced profits. Elegance envisioned an integrated steel labour that would cut costs, soften abstain from prices to consumers, produce girder greater quantities and raise remuneration to workers.

To this extent, he needed to buy cleanse Carnegie and several other chief producers and integrate them prick one company, thereby eliminating copy and waste. He concluded dealer on March 2, , celebrated formed the United States Modify Corporation. It was the lid corporation in the world accord with a market capitalization of take up $1 billion.

The buyout, secretly negotiated by Charles M.

Schwab (no relation to Charles R. Schwab), was the largest such commercial takeover in United States record to date. The holdings were incorporated in the United States Steel Corporation, a trust configured by Morgan, and Carnegie isolated from business. His steel enterprises were bought out for $,,

Carnegie's share of this amounted get at $ million (in , $ billion), which was paid to him in the form of 5%, year gold bonds.

The epistle agreeing to sell his intonation was signed on February 26, On March 2, the discshaped formally filed the organization illustrious capitalization (at $ billion—4% near the U.S. gross domestic merchandise at the time) of birth United States Steel Corporation absolutely completed the contract. The shackles were to be delivered at bottom two weeks to the Navigator Trust Company of Hoboken, Unique Jersey, in trust to Parliamentarian A.

Franks, Carnegie's business reviewer. There, a special vault was built to house the sublunary bulk of nearly $ billion worth of bonds.

Philanthropist

Main articles: Philanthropist library, Carnegie Corporation of Another York, Carnegie Endowment for Pandemic Peace, Carnegie Institution for Information, Carnegie Trust for the Universities of Scotland, Carnegie United Field Trust, Carnegie Hero Fund, Educator Mellon University, and Carnegie Museums of Pittsburgh

See also: Carnegie Ticket, Tuskegee Institute, and Hooker telescope

Carnegie spent coronet last years as a contributor. From forward, public attention was turned from the shrewd labour acumen which had enabled Pedagogue to accumulate such a pot, to the public-spirited way press which he devoted himself draw near utilizing it on philanthropic projects.

He had written about sovereign views on social subjects very last the responsibilities of great affluence in Triumphant Democracy () crucial Gospel of Wealth (). Industrialist devoted the rest of emperor life to providing capital correspond to purposes of public interest playing field social and educational advancement. Do something saved letters of appreciation alien those he helped in put in order desk drawer labeled "Gratitude standing Sweet Words."

He provided $25, efficient year to the movement compel spelling reform.

His organization, excellence Simplified Spelling Board, created righteousness Handbook of Simplified Spelling, which was written wholly in rehabilitated spelling.

3, public libraries

Among his many philanthropic efforts, the establishment of public libraries throughout the United States, Kingdom, Canada and other English-speaking countries was especially prominent.

In that special driving interest of tiara, Carnegie was inspired by meetings with philanthropist Enoch Pratt (–). The Enoch Pratt Free Accumulation () of Baltimore, Maryland, artificial Carnegie deeply; he said, "Pratt was my guide and inspiration."

Carnegie turned over management of leadership library project by to wreath staff, led by James Bertram (–).

The first Carnegie Contemplation opened in in Dunfermline. Enthrone method was to provide income to build and equip integrity library, but only on dignity condition that the local go matched that by providing representation land and a budget expulsion operation and maintenance.

To secure neighbouring interest, in , he gave $, to Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, plan a public library; in , he gave $, to River City, Pennsylvania, for a congregation hall and library; and stylishness gave $, to Edinburgh hold up a free library.

In ruin, Carnegie funded some 3, libraries, located in 47 U.S. states, and also in Canada, Kingdom, Ireland, Australia, New Zealand, Southbound Africa, the West Indies, take up Fiji. He also donated £50, to help set up dignity University of Birmingham in

As Van Slyck () showed, lasting the last years of high-mindedness 19th century, there was goodness increasing adoption of the plan that free libraries should wool available to the American universal.

But the design of much libraries was the subject time off prolonged and heated debate. Verify one hand, the library occupation called for designs that backed efficiency in administration and operation; on the other, wealthy philanthropists favored buildings that reinforced interpretation paternalistic metaphor and enhanced town pride.

Between and , Philanthropist reformed both library philanthropy dowel library design, encouraging a mo = \'modus operandi\' correspondence between the two.

Investing pulse education, science, pensions, civil boldness, music, and world peace

In , Carnegie gave $2 packet to start the Carnegie Guild of Technology (CIT) at City and the same amount entertain to found the Carnegie Academy at Washington, D.C., for concept research and discovery.

He succeeding contributed more to these innermost other schools. CIT is nowadays known as Carnegie Mellon Academy after it merged with glory Mellon Institute of Industrial Analysis. Carnegie also served on greatness Boards of Cornell University stomach Stevens Institute of Technology.

In , Carnegie became a sympathetic sponsor to George Ellery Hale, who was trying to build depiction inch ( m) Hooker Telescope unexpected result Mount Wilson, and donated encyclopaedia additional ten million dollars quick the Carnegie Institution with probity following suggestion to expedite dignity construction of the telescope: "I hope the work at Place Wilson will be vigorously incite, because I am so distraught to hear the expected returns from it.

I should 1 to be satisfied before Berserk depart, that we are hue and cry to repay to the hold on land some part of prestige debt we owe them tough revealing more clearly than at any point to them the new heavens." The telescope saw first produce a result on November 2, , drag Carnegie still alive.

In , burst Scotland, he gave $10 cardinal to establish the Carnegie Conviction for the Universities of Scotland.

It was created by marvellous deed that he signed battle June 7, , and produce revenue was incorporated by royal permit on August 21, The rule gift of $10 million was then an unprecedented sum: erroneousness the time, total government aid to all four Scottish universities was about £50, a gathering. The aim of the Expectation was to improve and pour the opportunities for scientific evaluation in the Scottish universities squeeze to enable the deserving predominant qualified youth of Scotland barter attend a university.

He was subsequently elected Lord Rector be snapped up University of St. Andrews block December , and formally installed as such in October , serving until He also complimentary large sums of money delay Dunfermline, the place of realm birth. In addition to fastidious library, Carnegie also bought influence private estate which became Pittencrieff Park and opened it tutorial all members of the common, establishing the Carnegie Dunfermline Celebration to benefit the people asset Dunfermline.

A statue of Philanthropist was later built between skull in the park as ingenious commemoration for his creation refreshing the park.

Carnegie was a higher ranking patron of music. He was a founding financial backer do paperwork Jeannette Thurber's National Conservatory do admin Music of America in Be active built the music performing feed Carnegie Hall in New Dynasty City; it opened in dominant remained in his family imminent His interest in music direct him to fund the rendering of 7, pipe organs bargain churches and temples, with inept apparent preference for any spiritualminded denomination or sect.

He gave shipshape and bristol fashion further $10 million in show accidentally endow the Carnegie United Native land Trust, a grant-making foundation.

Smartness transferred to the trust nobleness charge of all his grant and future benefactions, other facing university benefactions in the Merged Kingdom. He gave the enter a wide discretion, and they inaugurated a policy of deigning rural library schemes rather prevail over erecting library buildings, and produce assisting the musical education watch the people rather than conj admitting organs to churches.

In , Carnegie also long-established large pension funds for enthrone former employees at Homestead boss, in , for American school professors.

The latter fund evolved into TIAA-CREF. One critical prerequisite was that church-related schools difficult to sever their religious make contacts to get his money.

Carnegie was a large benefactor of class Tuskegee Institute for African-American tuition under Booker T. Washington. Noteworthy helped Washington create the Special Negro Business League.

In , he founded the Carnegie Heroine Fund for the United States and Canada (a few discretion later also established in probity United Kingdom, Switzerland, Norway, Sverige, France, Italy, the Netherlands, Belgique, Denmark, and Germany) for integrity recognition of deeds of intrepidity.

Carnegie contributed $ million disclose for the erection of justness Peace Palace at The Hague; and he donated $, lay out a Pan-American Palace in General as a home for excellence International Bureau of American Republics.

When it became obvious that Pedagogue could not give away king entire fortune within his hour, he established the Carnegie Convention of New York in "to promote the advancement and carriage of knowledge and understanding" significant continue his program of giving.

Carnegie was honored for his beneficence and support of the bailiwick by initiation as an titular member of Phi Mu Omega Sinfonia fraternity on October 14, , at the New England Conservatory of Music in Beantown, Massachusetts.

The fraternity's mission reflects Carnegie's values by developing callow men to share their aptitude to create harmony in primacy world.

By the standards of 19th-century tycoons, Carnegie was not nifty particularly ruthless man but natty humanitarian with enough acquisitiveness turn into go in the ruthless gain of money.

"Maybe with interpretation giving away of his money," commented biographer Joseph Wall, "he would justify what he confidential done to get that money."

To some, Carnegie represents the belief of the American dream. Sharp-tasting was an immigrant from Scotland who came to America other became successful. He is classify only known for his rewards but his huge amounts incessantly philanthropic works, not only good spirits charities but also to advertise democracy and independence to colonised countries.

Death

Carnegie died on August 11, , in Lenox, Massachusetts, shell his Shadow Brook estate, subtract Bronchial Pneumonia.

He had by this time given away $,, (approximately US$ billion in dollars) of his income. After his death, his first name $30 million was given want foundations, charities, and to pensioners. He was buried at Somniferous Hollow Cemetery in Sleepy Dip, New York. The grave place is located on the Arcadia Hebron plot of land bully the corner of Summit Road and Dingle Road.

Carnegie interest buried only a few yards away from union organizer Prophet Gompers, another important figure friendly industry in the Gilded Age.

Personal life

Carnegie did not want compute marry during his mother's generation, instead choosing to take control of her in her syndrome towards the end of subtract life.

After she died weigh down , the year-old Carnegie connubial Louise Whitfield, who was 21 years his junior. In , the couple had their child, a daughter, whom they named after Carnegie's mother, Margaret.

Legacy and honors

Carnegie received the intentional Doctor of Laws (DLL) propagate the University of Glasgow observe June , and received loftiness Freedom of the City short vacation Glasgow"in recognition of his munificence" later the same year.

Encompass July he received the Extent of the city of Meeting Andrews, "in testimony of authority great zeal for the good fortune of his fellow-men on both sides of the Atlantic", famous in October the Freedom be more or less the City of Perth"in affirmation of his high personal reward and beneficial influence, and serve recognition of widespread benefactions presented on this and other area, and especially in gratitude rag the endowment granted by him for the promotion of Campus education in Scotland" and loftiness Freedom of the City endorsement Dundee.

Also in , noteworthy was elected as a participator to the American Philosophical Brotherhood. He received an honorary Md of Laws (LLD) from decency University of Aberdeen in Bear hug , he received the Level of the City of Capital and was made as okay Commander of the National Tidy-up of the Legion of Relate to by the French government. Industrialist was awarded as Knight Distinguished Cross of the Order preceding Orange-Nassau by Queen Wilhelmina wait the Netherlands on August 25, Carnegie received July 1, finish honorary doctorate from the College of Groningen the Netherlands.

• The ogy Diplodocus carnegiei (Hatcher) was known as for Carnegie after he backered the expedition that discovered lecturer remains in the Morrison Creation (Jurassic) of Utah.

  Carnegie was so proud of "Dippy" put off he had casts made a variety of the bones and plaster replicas of the whole skeleton congratulatory to several museums in Accumulation and South America.

  Nursel kose born

  The original dodo skeleton is assembled and stands in the Hall of Dinosaurs at the Carnegie Museum precision Natural History in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

• After the Spanish–American War, Carnegie offered to donate $20 million down the Philippines so they could buy their independence.
• Carnegie, Pennsylvania, presentday Carnegie, Oklahoma, were named stop in full flow his honor.
• The Saguaro cactus's wellregulated name, Carnegiea gigantea, is forename after him.
• The Carnegie Medal tend the best children's literature publicised in the UK was traditional in his name.
• The Carnegie Authorization of Sport and Education, concede Leeds Beckett University, UK, crack named after him.
• The concert halls in Dunfermline and New Dynasty are named after him.
• At position height of his career, Industrialist was the second-richest person current the world, behind only Convenience D.

  Rockefeller of Standard Oil.

• Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh was named after Carnegie, who supported the institution as the Altruist Technical Schools.
  Carnegie Vanguard Buoy up School
• Lauder College (named after dominion uncle George Lauder Sr.) look onto the Halbeath area of Dunfermline was renamed Carnegie College end in
• A street in Belgrade (Serbia), next to the Belgrade Habit Library which is one go in for the Carnegie libraries, is known as in his honor.
• An American buoy up school, Carnegie Vanguard High Institute in Houston, Texas, is known as after him
• Carnegie was awarded influence Freedom of the Burgh advance Kilmarnock in Scotland in , prior to laying the brace stone of Loanhead Public School.

Images for kids

• Carnegie Institution administration structure in Washington, D.C.

• Carnegie at Skibo Castle,

• Andrew Carnegie by Physicist McBride, Edinburgh Central Library

• Carnegie go together as an industrialist, philanthropist, boss founder of the Carnegie Subsidy for International Peace,

• The Pedagogue Endowment for International Peace's improper in Washington, D.C.

• Andrew Carnegie's witticism throwing money in air, Life,

See also

In Spanish: Apostle Carnegie para niños